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FORGE: Force-Guided Exploration for Robust Contact-Rich Manipulation under Uncertainty

Noseworthy, Tang, Wen, Handa, Kessens, Roy, Fox, Ramos, Narang & Akinola, IEEE RA-L 2024

Input
Robot proprioception plus force/torque sensing and (uncertain) pose estimates, for contact-rich assembly tasks (peg-in-hole insertion, gear meshing, nut threading) under real-world pose uncertainty that sim-only training doesn't have to deal with.
Supervision Required
Reinforcement learning in simulation, with two mechanisms doing the real work instead of hand-labeling: a learned force-threshold that decides when contact force means "back off" versus "push through," and dynamics randomization so the sim-trained policy survives contact with the real world.
Representation Learned
A force-aware manipulation policy that fuses proprioception and force/torque feedback with a learned force threshold, rather than treating force purely as a penalty term, letting it distinguish expected contact during insertion from contact it should react to.
How It Connects to Robot Actions
Direct and this is the connection I'm building toward, not one I've fully closed yet. My peg-insertion project trains against Isaac Lab's `Isaac-Forge-PegInsert-Direct-v0` environment (FORGE's own benchmark task), but my ablation only tests force *observation* vs. force *penalty*. I haven't implemented FORGE's actual force-threshold mechanism or dynamics randomization scheme yet.
Real Hardware Test
FORGE itself validates sim-to-real transfer on a real robot arm across multiple assembly tasks, including a multi-stage planetary gearbox assembly. My own implementation has stayed sim-only in Isaac Lab so far.
Limitations / Failure Modes
Force-threshold tuning and dynamics randomization both add real engineering surface area: get the randomization ranges wrong and sim-to- real transfer fails quietly. My own results underscore the underlying fragility even before adding FORGE's specific mechanisms: a plain force penalty without observation made performance *worse*, not better.
Experiment I Would Add
Implement FORGE's actual force-threshold and dynamics-randomization scheme on top of my existing peg-insertion setup, then attempt real sim-to-real transfer on a physical arm instead of stopping at the sim-only ablation.